Autor clínico

Dr. Carlos Vera Salerno

Formación en Medicina Materno-Fetal. Metodología FMF/Nicolaides y guías: ACOG, FIGO, NICE, IADPSG, ATA, WHO, EBCOG, Medicina Fetal Barcelona.

• Título de grado Médico y Cirujano (Paraguay) con homologación al título de grado español Licenciado en Medicina.
• Especialista en Ginecología y Obstetricia.
• Postgrados en Ecografía General y Gineco-Obstétrica, Endocrinología Ginecológica y Reproductiva, Didáctica en Educación Superior y Salud Pública.
• Formación en Inteligencia Artificial y herramientas digitales emergentes aplicadas a la práctica profesional.
• Capacitador Nacional en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva, Código Rojo y Atención Prenatal.
• Miembro del Comité Técnico Nacional de Inmunización (Paraguay).
• Docente universitario de grado y posgrado en Ginecología y Obstetricia, Ecografía, Endocrinología Ginecológica y Reproductiva.
• Miembro del Comité Científico de FLASOG (2024–2026).
• Miembro de Sociedades Científicas en Paraguay (FPGO, SOGON, SOGIA, SODIAP y SEGIRP).
• Presidente de la FPGO (2023–2026).

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Referencias bibliográficas

Fuentes citadas a lo largo de las guías de referencia de esta Historia Clínica.

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5. International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Safe Motherhood Guidelines.
6. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Antenatal care. NG201. 2021.
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9. Federación Latinoamericana de Sociedades de Obstetricia y Ginecología (FLASOG).
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12. Medicina Fetal Barcelona. Protocolo de crecimiento fetal — noviembre 2024.
13. ISUOG. Delphi Consensus on the definition of fetal growth restriction. 2020.
14. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPyBS), Paraguay. Guías Nacionales de Prevención de Cáncer de Cuello Uterino. Decreto N° 238/2024.
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21. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SFMFM) — recomendaciones sobre colestasis intrahepática del embarazo.
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40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. 2016.
41. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Committee Opinion No. 736. 2018.
42. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). Current evaluation of amenorrhea. Fertility and Sterility. 2015.
43. AACE/ACE Clinical Practice Guidelines for Comprehensive Medical Care of Patients with Obesity.
44. Endocrine Society. Practice Guideline on Pharmacological Management of Obesity.
45. FIGO Statement on Obesity in Pregnancy and Reproductive Health.
46. SURMOUNT y STEP Clinical Trial Studies (Semaglutida y Tirzepatida).
47. International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health (ISSWSH). Consensus Guidelines on Testosterone Therapy for Women. 2019.
48. The North American Menopause Society (NAMS). Position Statement on the Management of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. 2020.
49. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Committee Opinion No. 141. 2019.
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54. ASRM/ESHRE Guidelines on Male Infertility Workup.
55. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Folic Acid Supplementation Recommendation Statement. 2023.
56. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Committee Opinion No. 762. 2019.
57. World Health Organization (WHO). Guideline for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infertility. 2025.
58. ASRM Committee Opinion — Use of clomiphene citrate and letrozole for ovulation induction. Fertility and Sterility. 2020.
59. ESHRE Guideline: Ovulation Induction in PCOS. 2023.
60. Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Melmed S, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperprolactinemia. 2011.
61. Vilar L, et al. Management of prolactinomas. Neuroendocrinology. 2019.
62. Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. 2020.
63. Bhatla N, Aoki D, Sharma DN, Sankaranarayanan R. Cancer of the cervix uteri: 2021 update — FIGO Guidelines. 2021.
64. American College of Radiology (ACR). BI-RADS Atlas. 5ª ed. 2013.
65. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Practice Bulletin No. 223. 2020.
66. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Breast Cancer Screening Recommendation. 2024.
67. Andreotti RF, et al. O-RADS US Risk Stratification and Management System. ACR. 2020.
68. Timmerman D, et al. IOTA Group Simple Rules Consensus. 2008 y 2016.
69. ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESR Consensus Statements on Preoperative Diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors. 2021.
70. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 171 — Management of Preterm Labor. 2016 (reafirmado 2020).
71. NICE Guideline NG25 — Preterm labour and birth. 2019 (actualizado 2022).
72. FIGO Recommendations on Preterm Birth. 2021.
73. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 217 — Prelabor Rupture of Membranes. 2020.
74. FIGO Guidelines on PROM Management. 2021.
75. Cowles T, et al. Comparison of Indigo Carmine and Methylene Blue dye for amniocentesis dye test. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1993.
76. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189 — Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy. 2018 (reafirmado 2021).
77. Koren G, et al. Validation of the Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis (PUQE) scoring system. 2002, 2005.
78. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Green-top Guideline No. 69 — Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum. 2016.
79. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: Ultrasound assessment of fetal biometry and growth. 2024.
80. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Consult Series #46 — Oligohydramnios. 2018.
81. ACOG Clinical Consensus No. 3 — General Approaches to Medical Management of Polyhydramnios. 2022.
82. Carel JP, et al. Consensus statement on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children. 2009 (reafirmado 2020).
83. Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) Guidelines.
84. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPyBS Paraguay). Manual de Atención Integral a Víctimas de Violencia Sexual y de Género.
85. CDC Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines: Sexual Assault Protocols. 2021.
86. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for Medico-Legal Care for Victims of Sexual Violence.
87. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPyBS Paraguay). Guía de Manejo de la Hemorragia Posparto: Código Rojo Obstétrico. 2ª ed. Resolución S.G. N° 2004/2021.
88. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPyBS Paraguay). Manual de Cuidados Perinatales. Resolución S.G. N° 1078/2022.
89. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPyBS Paraguay). Orientaciones Técnicas para la Atención Integral a la Mujer en Climaterio. Resolución S.G. N° 267/2023.
90. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPyBS Paraguay). Manual Nacional de Normas de Atención de Patologías Ginecológicas. Resolución S.G. N° 050/2025.
91. American Heart Association (AHA) / Universidad de Antioquia / Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). Manejo del antídoto de calcio en toxicidad por sulfato de magnesio.
92. Speiser PW, et al. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency. Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018.
93. Latronico AC, Brito VN, Carel JC. Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of central precocious puberty. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2016.
94. Badouraki M, et al. Evaluation of pelvic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and follow-up of girls with precocious puberty. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. 2008.
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96. Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1969.
97. Manning FA, Platt LD, Sipos L. Antepartum fetal evaluation: development of a fetal biophysical profile score. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980.
98. Ayres-de-Campos D, Spong CY, Chandraharan E, FIGO Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring Expert Consensus Panel. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Cardiotocography. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2015.
99. Mari G, Deter RL, Carpenter RL, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis by Doppler ultrasonography of fetal anemia due to maternal red-cell alloimmunization. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000.
100. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Practice Bulletin No. 216 — Macrosomia. 2020.
101. International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG). Practice Guidelines: intrapartum ultrasound. 2018.
102. Leone FP, Timmerman D, Bourne T, et al. Terms, definitions and measurements to describe sonographic features of the endometrium — IETA consensus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010.
103. Epstein E, Fischerova D, Valentin L, et al. Ultrasound characteristics of endometrial cancer as defined by IETA consensus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018.
104. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Committee Opinion No. 734 — Transvaginal Ultrasonography of the Endometrium in Postmenopausal Bleeding. 2018.
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108. The North American Menopause Society (NAMS). 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement. Menopause. 2022.
109. Stute P, et al. 'Healthy menopause': EMAS 2026 framework for precision, digital, and interdisciplinary midlife health. Maturitas. 2026.
110. Anagnostis P, Bosdou JK, Georgiou T, Goulis DG. Can menopausal hormone therapy be considered in postmenopausal women older than 60 years? Gynecological Endocrinology. 2025.
111. Pratt MC, et al. Fezolinetant for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. 2023.

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